State Control and Public Control of Business - 2476 Words

1)Historical perspective on public control of business. 2)Constitutional framework of state control of business. What is business? †¢ The buying or selling of goods/services/activity of making money. However, the term is too vague. †¢ According to F.C Hooper: â€Å"business means a whole complex field of commerce and industry, the basic industries, processing and manufacturing industries and the network of ancillary services, distribution, banking, insurance, transport and so on, which serve and inter-penetrate the world of business as a whole† What is business environment? †¢ It can be defined as the total surrounding, which have direct or indirect bearing on the functioning of business. OR †¢ The set of external factors(social, political,†¦show more content†¦Elements Several elements are required in making the policies by the government. Many factors/inputs influence the development of public policy by the government. Government may determine its course of action on the basis of various factors such as economic and foreign policy concerns, technical information etc. All these factors can help shape what the government chooses to do and how it chooses to do it. Public policy goals can be ideal and oriented or narrow and selfserving. National values such as freedom, democracy and equal distribution of income and wealth to share in economic prosperity have led to the adoption of civil rights law and assistance programs for the weaker sections of the society. Narrow, self-serving goals are more evident when nations decide how tax legislations will allocate the burden of taxes among various interest and income groups. Public policy may vary but are very important to inquire whether it serves the citizens of the country whose welfare it intends to serve. Various mechanisms/instruments are being used by the government to realize their policies. In general these instruments are combinations of incentives and disincentives that government uses to prompt citizens , including the businesses to act in ways that achieve policy goals. Public policy actions always have results. Some are intended others are unintended. SinceShow MoreRelatedBusiness Operations: Financial Issues1854 Words   |  7 Pages Business operations: Financial issues Introduction The problem to be investigated was the outcome of the ethical dilemma that occurred within the business circle leading to the violation of financial regulations and consequently eroded the confidence of shareholders on the U.S capital market. Examples of the violation of financial regulations were Enron, WorldCom and Lehman Brothers scandals that led to the collapse of the three companies. To restore the public confidence of the U.S capitalRead MoreEssay on Inflation and Absolute Power715 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout the years the government has gained complete control over money and its development. The government wanted control because it believes that it is easier to acquire monetary assets if they have the control over all money and, at the same time, eliminate the middle-man of trade. With the ever growing population the government came up with a way to counterfeit money to keep up with the demand of money. This counterfeiting of money created inflation. Inflation happens when there is moreRead MoreThe During The Progressive Era989 Words   |  4 Pageswith rapid industrialization in the 19th Century by bettering society through governmental, business, and social reform. Reform of government, which had become increasingly corrupt through political machines and special interest groups, was one focus of the progressive movement. 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(ii) Controls and licensing system:  The system of controls, permits, quotas and licenses which are associated with misdistributions of the commodities in short supply results in the generation of black money. The Wanchoo Committee explaining this factor as a source of black money observed, â€Å"In spite of the vigilance exercised by the Government, controls and regulations came to be used by the unscrupulous for amassing money forRead MoreThe American Public Policy Process966 Words   |  4 PagesThe American public policy process is a system that consists of laws, regulatory measures, action items, and funding priorities controlled by the elected representatives. The public policy process system that is in place within the federal government was developed within the framework of the United States Constitution and those with special interests. Within the current system of policy process utilized by the federal government America’s affluent community holds the greatest in terests. Over theRead MoreAuditors in the Business World1642 Words   |  7 Pagesin the business world. However, accounting is divided into three major fields, which are public accounting, private accounting, and not-for-profit accounting. In public accounting expert services are provided by certified public accountant (CPA) to the public the same way a lawyer serves clients. Auditing plays a major role in public accounting; they examine the reliability of financial statements of entities and express an educated opinion. Taxation is another essential part of public accountingRead MoreEconomic Viewpoint of the Circular Flow Model939 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic Activity, 1999). Consumer spending drives the amount of business investments, which, in turn, creates more jobs that allow consumers more money to spend. When employment drops, jobs decrease, leaving consumers with less money to spend, which slows the economy. As employment rises, jobs are created that allow consumers m ore money to spend that speeds up the economy. When the government reduces spending, less money is put into public programs that in turn create jobs in the economy. As a resultRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 ( Sox )858 Words   |  4 Pagesexamples of a fraud response plan the small family business could have implemented to refrain the perpetrators from fraudulent incidents, protect organizational assets and the organization’s going concern. Corporate fraud was the cornerstone for the strict implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). SOX implements many compliance regulations, but one of its regulations, specifically Section 404, relates to an organization’s internal control procedures with the purpose of protecting organizationalRead MoreLeadership : A Successful Network Of Collaboration, Together We Create Mutual, Continuing Value?956 Words   |  4 PagesMission: We will display exemplary leadership in providing high quality, timely advice and services to the firm. Vision: Our vision helps as the framework for our roadmap and guides every surface of our business by describing what we need to achieve in order to continue achieving sustainable, quality growth. People: Be a great place to work where people are stimulated to be the best they can be. Partners: Nurture a winning network of collaboration, together we create mutual, continuing value. Planet:

Entrepreneurship - 4156 Words

Entrepreneurship Challenges in 21st. Century | | What is Entrepreneurship? The definition of entrepreneurship has been debated among scholars, educators, researchers, and policy makers since the concept was first established in the early 1700’s. The term â€Å"entrepreneurship† comes from the French verb â€Å"entreprendre† and the German word â€Å"unternehmen†, both means to â€Å"undertake†. Bygrave and Hofer in1891 defined the entrepreneurial process as ‘involving all the functions, activities, and actions associated with perceiving of opportunities and creation of organizations to pursue them’. Joseph Schumpeter introduced the modern definition of ‘entrepreneurship’ in 1934. According to Schumpeter, â€Å"the carrying out of new combinations we call†¦show more content†¦Although many current theories on entrepreneurship agree that there is an inherent component of risk, the risk-bearer theory alone cannot explain why some individuals become entrepreneurs while others do not. Thus, i n order to build a development model of entrepreneurship it is necessary to look at some of the other characteristics that help explain why some people are entrepreneurs; risk may be a factor, but it is not the only one. Modern school of thought claims that the role of the entrepreneur is that of an innovator; however, the definition of innovation is still widely debatable. Kirzner suggests that the process of innovation is actually of spontaneous â€Å"undeliberate learning†. Thus, the necessary characteristics of the entrepreneur is alertness, and no intrinsic skills-other than that of recognizing opportunities-are necessary. Other school of economists claims that entrepreneurs have special skills that enable them to participate in the process of innovation. Leibenstein claims that the dominant, necessary characteristics of entrepreneurs is that they are gap-fillers i.e. they have the ability to perceive where market fails and to develop new goods or processes that he market demands but which are not currently being supplied. Thus, entrepreneurs have the special ability to connect different markets and make up for market failures and deficiencies. Though the idea that entrepreneurs are innovators is largely acceptable, itShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship1111 Words   |  5 PagesEntrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur or one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods. This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most obvious form of entrepreneurship is that of starting new businesses (referred as Startup Company); however, in recent years, the term has been extended to include socialRead MoreEntrepreneurship1326 Words   |  6 Pages‘Critically evaluate the key theoretical developments of the term Entrepreneurship’. Student Name : Jonalee B. Magtoto Student ID : 1009007374 Matriculation No: 20037830 Date: June 13th 2013 Word Count : 2,091 words Introduction: Entrepreneurship as a lot of meaning but for me it divided into two separate fundamental, the first part debate high involveRead MoreEntrepreneurship1228 Words   |  5 Pagesthat has the right of control is hired from the owner. Page 2 of 4 Similarities and differences between a manager, a business owner and an entrepreneur By Henry Amm Modern approaches like ‘corporate entrepreneurship’ try to overcome those boundaries by incorporating advantages of entrepreneurship into common management. Companies try to facilitate diversification with internal development workshops. That makes activities necessary, in areas that are usually only loosely related to the current ‘domain’Read MoreEntrepreneurship4409 Words   |  18 Pages1 LESSON- 1 ENTREPRENEUR AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Dr. Jyotsna Sethi STRUCTURE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Entrepreneurship as a Career Option 1.3 Concepts and Definitions 1.3.1 Entrepreneur 1.3.2 Entrepreneurship 1.3.3 Enterprise 1.3.4 Difference between Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship 1.4 Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development 1.4.1 Entrepreneurship and Economic Development 1.4.2Entrepreneurship and Education 1.5 FunctionsRead MoreEntrepreneurship1106 Words   |  5 Pagesenterprise without undermining his/her relationship. In this last case a good entrepreneur should be free from personal commitment, at first, at least, because his/her work, or his/her relationship, could be compromised. Q2: Inc. Magazine claims, â€Å"Entrepreneurship is more mundane than it’s sometimes portrayed †¦ you don’t need to be a person of mythical proportions to be very, very successful in building a company.† Do you agree? Explain. 2. I don’t agree with the sentence above; I think that a temporaryRead MoreEntrepreneurship Should Be Aware At The World Of Entrepreneurship Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesPROVIDED MANY OPPORTUNITIES ANYONE PLANNING TO ENTER THE WORLD OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP SHOULD BE AWARE OF ITS POTENTIAL DRAWBACKS Introduction:- Entrepreneurship is defined as the practice of beginning a new trade or reviving an existing business, for capitalizing on fresh opportunities. The statement were analyzing today is all about entrepreneurship. The author here is trying to explain that like every coin has two sides, entrepreneurship also has benefits and drawbacks. Every year the number of peopleRead Moreentrepreneurship2937 Words   |  12 PagesSCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT COVER SHEET Student Name Navpreet Kaur Student ID S265457 Assessment Title Case Study 1 Unit Number and Title PRT503 Entrepreneurship for Professionals Lecturer/Tutor Mr. Jamal El-Den Date Submitted 07 August 2014 Date Received OFFICE USE ONLY KEEP A COPY Please be sure to make a copy of your work. If you have submitted assessment work electronically make sure you have a backup copy. PLAGIARISM PlagiarismRead MoreThe Concept Of An Entrepreneurship1345 Words   |  6 PagesThe definition of an entrepreneurship is a commonly argued point, with several definitions given by many different people. 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Critical Period Hypothesis and Acquisition of Language - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Critical Period Hypothesis and Acquisition of Language. Answer: The process by which the humans acquire the ability to understand and form a sense of a coherent language structure is known as language acquisition, through this process the human beings create and use the wordsto make sentences to communicate with others.Language acquisition most commonly refers tothe acquisition of first language, which deals with the study of the infants and their acquisition of their respective native language. The acquisition of second language differs from the first language acquisition, it deals with the children or the adults learning other languages than native language. There are some theories about the acquisition and development of language in the humans one of which is the Critical Period Hypothesis theorized by Eric Lenneberg, the hypothesis states that there is a certain critical period in the development and acquisition of language in human beings and if that age is crossed then the individual faces certain problems in learning language. This essay w ill argue the importance of the critical age hypothesis in the development of language in humans. Genie started learning language when she was almost 14 years old, after she was discovered it was observed that she had almost no skill in language or proper communication skills. She did not have control over the organs of speech (Curtiss et al., 1974). After she was taught by the linguists and the psychologists her language acquisition showed that even after suffering from tragic isolation for a long period of time and absence of vocabulary or language, she started showing a bit of progress in phonology, she could pronounce several sound sequences while imitating them but she did not use spontaneous speech till five months into the research. She gained quite a bit of vocabulary as well but her grammar did not improve, she could combine two sentences for example cat hurt dog hurt as cat dog hurt but the there was no use of grammar. Her syntactic acquisition, was also much slower than any normal child (Curtiss et al., 1974). The language development of Genie was different from that of the normal children in several aspects. The phonological words were a lot different for Genie than the normal children, the early two syllable words that she spoke were not reduplicated which normal children did speak. She had no intonation and while the normal children learns nouns at first, Genie learned all the nouns pronouns and verbs but was not able to put it into coherent sentences. In the comprehension training she was unable to understand the word order and was also unable to understand passive sentences. She omitted the verbs, objects and subjects from the sentences. In case of negative sentences the words she was able to speak was the angry ones. She was able to say "stop it," "no more," "no," and her stock of negative words were very few (Curtiss et al., 1974). In case of interrogative sentences when she was asked a question she used to respond by repeating the last words of the sentence uttered by the speaker, also she was never able to use any interrogative questions. The study of ASL or American Sign Language is important to contribute to the study of Critical Period Hypothesis as the study of sign language with the deaf and dumb children more evidently proves that the ability of acquiring a language decreases with the increase in age of an individual (Newport, 1990). The three groups of participants in the Newport study were the Native, Early and Late Learners. Native learners who already had exposure to the ASL from their birth, they were raised by their deaf parents and had an idea about the language from a young age. The second were the Early learners who learned ASL after they were taught by their peers who were also deaf at the age of 4-6 (Newport, 1990). The third group comprised of Late learners the first time that they were exposed to ASL was with the help of their deaf peers, they were more than 12 years of age at the time they learned the language or during the period when the tests were conducted (Newport, 1990). The results of the first ASL study suggests that a wide range of studies shows that acquisition of language occurs successfully in the learners after they have overcome certain primary problems (Ron, 2015). The purpose of these experiments were to find out how the language acquisition was affected with the increase of age in the subjects and after the tests were complete it was found that the children who were taught the language at the age of 12 had a lot less improvement in the development of the language, while the children who had early exposure to ASL they showed far better response to the experiments. In case of syntactical and morphological competence an experiment was conducted on the subjects, they had to listen to a recording consisting 276 short and simple sentences and they were asked whether the sentences were correct or not (Newport, 1990). The test score showed that the children who had early exposure to the language were more able in determining which of the sentences were correct and which were wrong, thus proving that the effects of age of acquisition are effects of the maturational state of the learner (Granena, 2016). In the process of comparing both the case studies, the experiments conducted on Genie and the experiments conducted on the deaf children and ASL study proves that the claims made in the Critical Period Hypothesis are true (Mayberry Kluender, 2017). In case of Genie it was seen that although she made some progress in certain aspects of language acquisition yet she had various problems related to phonology, grammar acquisition and in forming interrogative sentence (Choubsaz Gheitury, 2017). Although she made progress the researchers were unable to comment on the extent of improvement of language acquisition process in the future. In the ASL experiments the results were almost similar, the children who had been exposed to the language in their early age they were able top the experiment results (Diaz, 2016). Both of the studies prove that to acquire a proper form of language the individuals are required to be exposed to their respective native languages from an early age (Strid, 2017) . To conclude, it can be said that the critical period hypothesis which says that from childhood throughout adolescence, this period of time is perfect and most suitable for the acquisition of first and even second language acquisition. The external and inter factors prevent the adults to acquire a new language at that age. Judging from both the experiments this statement can be said to be true that Critical Period Hypothesis holds paramount importance in the development of language in human beings. References Choubsaz, Y., Gheitury, A. (2017). Is semantics affected by missing a critical period? Evidence from the Persian deaf.Journal of psycholinguistic research,46(1), 77-88. Curtiss, S., Fromkin, V., Krashen, S., Rigler, D., Rigler, M. (1974). The linguistic development of Genie.Language, 528-554. Diaz, C. (2016). The critical period hypothesis. Granena, G. (2016). Part 1: Age Differences, Maturational Constraints, and Implicit and Explicit L2 Learning.Major Research Issues in SLA, 9. Mayberry, R. I., Kluender, R. (2017). Rethinking the critical period for language: New insights into an old question from American Sign Language.Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1-20. Newport, E. L. (1990). Maturational constraints on language learning.Cognitive science,14(1), 11-28. Ron, C. (2015). Relationship between the Phonetic Aspect of Second Language Acquisition and Age: Testing on the Critical Period Hypothesis in a Selected Function of Language.The annals of Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University. Faculty of Foreign Languages,54, 15-28. Strid, J. E. (2017). The Myth of the Critical Period.TESOL Journal,8(3), 700-715.

Nestle Coursework free essay sample

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This coursework basically is an analysis of the NESTLE MAGGI NOODLES and the various strategic issues associated with it. The analysis is done in five parts which help us in implementing our company’s future strategy. The first part basically briefs us about the external environment of the noodles industry by analysing various models like the porters five forces, pest analysis, product life cycle, Environment basics, competitive analysis key success factors, segmentation target and positioning and the major opportunities and threats facing the company from other companies. The second part talks about the company internal performance which helps us in gaining a competitive advantage in the Noodles Industry. It basically talks about the Nestle’s activities associated with its human resource marketing and sales department, service sector, its R D team, infrastructure set up, procurement policy and also the inbound and out bound logistics. It also analyses the company’s ratio in order to know its growth rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Nestle Coursework or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The third part basically gives recommendation regarding the future strategy which the company should be adopting at SBU and corporate level by analysing the generic strategic option, expansion method matrix and the growth share matrix. The fourth part is basically our suggestions to the various changes needed regarding the implementation of different policies, structures in the company in order to overcome our main strategic issue. The last part basically talks about the advantages and disadvantages of the various models used in the entire coursework. INTRODUCTION Maggi 2 minutes a noodle is a very famous brand of Nestle India was introduced in 1982 and is most popular instant amongst the noodle lovers as it has the highest consumption rate as compared to other noodles brands in the country and also its easy affordability has added to it success in the Indian market. At present it is offered in 6 different flavours which are, Masala, Tricky tomato, romantic capsica, and thrill in curry, chicken and Atta noodles. Besides Maggi noodles other products are also available under the MAGGI brand which have helped in increasing its popularity as well known FMCG food product. EXTERNAL ENVIORNMENT ANALYSIS SUCCESS KEY FACTORS COMPETITOR ANAYSIS PORTERS FIVE FORCES NESTLE MAGGI NOODLES INDUSTRY LIFE CYCLE ZZZZ ENVIORNMENT BASICS PESTLE ANALYSIS PEST ANALYSIS: 1. POLITICAL ANALYSIS: Government has laid down strict restrictions regarding advertisement of junk food for children under the age of 16 as per the foodstuff act in 2007. 2. ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS: Rise in the prices of raw material like salt Maida, manufacturing costs as well as the packaging costs is a major economic crisis facing the food industry due to more demand and less supply of the agricultural commodities. . SOCIAL ANALYSIS: People are becoming health conscious and with the changing lifestyle there is an increase in the demand for quick and easy to cook food products. 4. TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: NESTLE makes use of leveraging superior technology in order to provide customers with high quality products. Nestle gets technology under the general licence agreement from the nestle group for satisfyi ng innovation and reformation. Nestle makes use of gene technology in manufacturing food products like noodles. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS: 1. Maggi was the first to be introduced in the instant noodle segment in 1982 therefore it has the first mover advantage as compared to the other brands of noodles. 2. It showed continuous changes with regard to its themes and the flavours since 1982 and has also repositioned itself as a healthy snack from 2 minute noodle. 3. Maggi is a much localized brand as it never adopted English tag line unlike its competitors so Indian people prefer it over the other brands. 4. Another key success factor for the Maggi noodles is that it is available in food stores whether urban or local unlike the other brands. ENVIORNMENT BASICS: MARKET SHARE: The brand Maggi has 80% market share in nestle India as per the June 2010 quarter. MARKET GROWTH: The brand is enjoying 20% growth per anum as per the JUNE 2010 quarter. POTENTIAL ENTRANTS THREAT| INDUSTRY RIVARLY| SUPPLIERSBARGAINING POWER| BUYERSBARGAINING POWER| THREA OF SUBSTITUES| (LYNCH, 2003) PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL: 1. POWER OF SUPPLIERS: The bargaining power of suppliers is very low in the noodle industry because there are so many suppliers for the raw materials and the inputs used in manufacturing process. The suppliers are spread all over the country. 2. POWER OF BUYERS: The bargaining power is also very low in the noodle industry because there are so many noodle brands and all are of the same price almost with very little difference in the taste. 3. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES: The threat of substitutes in the noodle industry is very high because of variety of substitutes available in the market like soups with noodles called the soupy noodles, pastas, macaroni and other fast foods like pizzas burgers etc. 4. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANT: The threat of new entrants for Maggi is increasing because more and more FMCG companies are coming up with instant food products and also because there is not much capital requirement required for it. 5. COMPETITIVE RIVALRY: Level of competition is very high because different brands have different flavours and variety, packaging styles and the attractive advertisement COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS: The major competitors of MAGGI are ITS SUN FEAST YIPEE, GSK FOODLES, Nissin’s TOP RAMEN AND WIA WIA by Chaudharys. Top ramen which is the 2nd most top brand in noodle segment is trying to compete with Maggi since 18 years. In the market it was the first to innovate with cup noodles and is a market leader in it with 90% market share. Its strength is its cost effective technique and it weakness was its late entry into the market and non localization unlike maggi. Yippee plus point is that noodles can even be eaten after sometimes after being cooked whereas In case of Maggi they becomes sticky PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE ANAYSIS: D B GROWTH C A 1983 1997 1999 2004 2009 2010 TIME When Maggi Noodles were introduced in 1983 they were at an introduction stage. In 1997 they reached the growth stage and in the year 2000 they experienced a decline in their sales but eventually there sales again started to grow for years since 2001 and reached a maturity stage by 2010. STPD ANALYSIS: Segmentation is done on the basis of changing lifestyle and the habits of the people residing in metro cities. Maggi noodles basically target the working women and the other office going people. However their main targets are the school going kids and the youngsters. It is positioned in the market with its â€Å"2 MINUTE NOODLE† AND â€Å"EASY TO COOK AND GOOD TO EAT† strategy and is differentiated in terms of its flavours, taste and its packaging style. OT ANALYSIS: 1. OPPORTUNITIES: Growing demand of instant noodles in the rural areas, increase in the likeness of the Indians towards Chinese food along with rise in the figure of working youngsters. . THREATS: There are many competitors in the market selling instant noodles with competitive prices for example TOP RAMEN costs Rs 8 in comparison to Maggi which is sold at Rs 10 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENT ANALYSIS VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS: HUMAN RESOURCE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVEELOPMENT PROCUREMENT INBOUND PRODUCTIVITY OUTBOUND MARKETING S ERVICES LOGISTICS LOGISTICS SALES (LYNCH, 2003) INFRASTRUCTURE: The Company has 7 factories located in different parts of he country like Moga in Punjab, Nanjangud in Karnataka, Choladi in Tamil Nadu samalkha in Haryana, Ponda and Bicholim in Goa and Pantnagar in Uttarakhand. Also it has 4 branch offices which are located at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata with its head office situated in Gurgaon in Haryana. It has recently opened a new plant in Mysore which is its 8th plant and is planning for its 9th one in Himachal Pradesh. PROCUREMENT: The Company gets its equipments from the suppliers of automatic and instant noodles machine, packing machines, coating plants and food processing machines. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: Nestle has total of 29 research, development and technology centres all over the world. Nestle is planning to open its 30th research and development centre in India in Manesar, Haryana with an investment plan of 230 crore. It will start operating from July 2012 with a team of 40 scientists who will focus on decreasing nutritional insufficiency in India. HUMAN RESOUCE: The company’s HR policy aims at employing people with professional skills, personal attitude and a sense of commitment who possess values that match with the culture of organization for the long term sustainable growth of the company. The employees are considered as company’s valuable assets and are therefore trained rigorously through empowerment programmes. It has employed 250000 people till now which include farmers, suppliers of raw material, packaging, other goods and services. INBOUND LOGISTICS: The company gets its raw materials from Paras factory in Moga who is a supplier for spices. Maggi gets its other raw materials from manufactures of wheat flour, noodle powder, sugar, onion powder, palm oil and garlic powder, salt, hydrolysed peanut protein and citric acid. It buys all its raw materials in bulk quantity and stores them. PRODUCTIVITY: Maggi noodles are ISO certified and 14001:2004. It is following a lean manufacturing system. OUTBOUND LOGISTICS: From the factories the maggi noodles are straight sent to carry forward agencies which provide warehousing services and are located in different state. The CFA then send its over to wholesalers, exporters of instant noodles and the retailers as per the demand of the product. The main retail outlets are small grocery stores, general stores, big bazaar, spencers, reliance fresh, modern bazaar, Wal-Mart in big cities and Kirana shops in villages. MARKETING AND SALES: Nestle has done a lot of adds in television to promote the sales of maggi noodles firstly with tag lines like MUMMY BHOOK LAGI ‘BAS 2 MINS† and â€Å"FAST TO COOK AND EASY TO EAT†, secondly by making their ads adventurous and funny with famous characters like PANKAJ AND DAVID and then by focusing on â€Å"HEALTH AND NUTRITION† by introducing vegetable Atta noodles, Dal Atta, rice noodles and other flavours. In order to promote their sales they went to various offices and schools and held campaigns. They also came up with the scheme of free giving free packet of noodles to their customers on their return the shopkeepers the empty packet. This is the most important area which ads value to the product. SERVICES: Encase of any complaints regarding the product the consumers can directly visit the nestle consumer service centre in New Delhi or can email the service manger at [emailprotected] nestle. com . Besides that it provides certain services to the society by conducting education and training programs for village children near its factories, helping in public parks preservation and by assisting the provision of clean drinking water and blood donation camps. SW ANALYSIS: 1. STRENGHTS: its major strength is its brand loyalty and its market leader position. Also its new flavours, widely spread distribution channels all over the big cities and its impulsive advertising policy add to its success. 2. WEAKNESS: the major weakness associated with Maggi noodles is that it is considered as junk food due to its unhealthy ingredients. Another problem is that sales of maggi noodles rely only on its Masala flavour. RATIOS CHART: NESTLES YEARLY RATIOS | 2010| 2009| 1. GROSS PROFIT MARGIN| 18. 2%| 17. 58%| 2. RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED| 135| 160| 3. CURRENT RATIO| O. 63| 0. 0| 4. EARNING PER SHARE| 84. 91| 67. 94| RATIO ANLYSIS: The company’s gross profit margin which is calculated by gross profit/sales*100 is 18. 2% and 17. 58% respectively for the years 2010 and 2010. This means that there is an increase in the profits obtained by the company on selling the products before incurring any expenses in 2010 as compared to 2009. The return on capital employed of N ESTLE is 135 in 2010 and 160 in 2009 which is calculated by profit before interest and tax / total long term liabilities *100 which means that in 2009 the firm generated more return on its investment. The current ratio is 0. 6 in 2009 and 0. 63 in 2010 which means that the company has slightly more cash in hand in 2010. Also there is an increase in the EPS which is calculated by profits after tax and exceptional items/number of share issued, which was 84. 91 in 2010 and 67. 94 in 2009 means there is a greater return for the shareholders in 2010 . PRESENT STRATEGIES AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS Presently NESTLE is earning 44% of its income from milk maid products, 28% from cooking aid and readymade products and 14% from beverages. NESTLE is planning to increase the quality and range of its culinary products like MAGGI BHUNA MASAL. COCONUT MIX POWDER,PIZZA SAUCE,MAGIC CUBES, MAGGI SOUPS and ETC by investing more in them as compared to its other products like the MAGGI NOODLES, NESCAFE which are having a competitive edge over its other competitors in the market. Nestle should also adopt innovative marketing strategy in Oder to increase the sale of its certain products for example it can give its customers a free small maggi noodles packet with a big bottle of MAGGI TOMATOE KETCHUP. It should build up its distribution channels more and more in the rural areas by supplying the retailers and wholesalers with all the NESTLE products and not just specific one like Maggi noodles. The chairman of NESTLE is planning to launch new category of products in the Indian market keeping in mind the rising price of wheat, sugar and milk , the investment in the new products will thus help in decreasing the overall cost of production and in turn help the company in sustaining the operating margin. BUSINESS LEVEL STRATEGY OPTIONS 1. GENERIC STRATEGIC OPTION Competitive advantage COST LEADERSHIP| DIFFERENTIATION| FOCUS | Competitive scope (LYNCH, 2003) Presently maggi noodles is enjoying cost leadership position as it has a competitive edge over others but keeping in mind the growing demand for non vegetarian food in the Indian society and also due to more and more preference being given to the ready made products which are easy cook there is a instant need for variety which is the spice of life therefore our future strategy technique is to bring in DIFFERENTIATION in the maggi noodles by introducing new flavours of maggi for the NON VEGETARIANS like THAI CURRY NOODLES, SHRIMP FLAVOUR, EGG CURRY NOODLES, FISH CURRY NOODLES , TIRYAKI NOODLES and CHICKEN SAUTE NOODLES with small pieces of chicken in them in addition to the simple MAGGI CHICKEN NOODLES which is available in the shops at present. Maggi should also try to bring difference in the style of its packaging by making use of TETRA PACKS or PAPER BAGS which are more eco friendly then the plastic packaging. Also there can be different designs made on different flavours of maggi noodles for example we can have a fish drawn in the noodles on the pack for fish curry noodles and same packaging strategy for the vegetarian flavours. . MARKET OPTIONS MATRIX PRESENT NEW MARKET PENATRATION| PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT| MARKET DEVELOPMENT| DIVERSIFICATION| PRESENT NEW (LYNCH, 2003) According to the above matrix maggi noodles is currently following the market penetration strategy but our future strategy for the noodles will be PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT in order to make use of company’s surplus production capability, to avoid the entry of new competitors, to establish the organizations image as a product modernizer and basically in order to safeguard the market share of Nestle. We can do this by introducing more snacks under this category called maggi for example biscuits, wafers, roasted namkeens, jams and bread and also breakfast cereals like oats, corn flakes, muesli etc. 3. EXPANSION METHOD MATRIX COMPANY INSIDE OUTSIDE INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT| ALLIANCEMERGERFRANCHISEJOINT VENTURE| EXPORTINGGLOBAL OPERATIONSOVERSEAS OFFICE| MERGERACQUSITIONJOINT VENUTRETURKNKEY| HOMECOUNTRY GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION INTERNATIONAL (LYNCH, 2003) The nestle is planning to export its maggi noodles specially the new non vegetarian flavours to countries like HONGKONG and Thailand ,Korea, Bahrain and Singapore where it is not very popular and plans to ensure its availability in the main supermarkets of these countries and not just the Indian stores . This step will also help to a great extent in increasing the market growth rate and the popularity of the maggi noodles all over the world also it will be available at almost the same price as in INDIA with a very slight margin in order to increase its sales and acquire market share in these Asian countries. . GROWTH SHARE MATRIX HIGH RELATIVE LOW RELATIVE MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARE STAR| PROBLEM CHILD| CASH COW| DOG| HIGH MARKET GROWTH RATE LOW MARKET GROWTH RATE (LYNCH, 2003) Nestle maggi noodles are currently CASH COW as the market growth rate is not very high for maggi at present although it has the highest market share in the noodles industry. The main reason is that it purchased repeatedly by the same consumers; there are no new consumers for the product. However our main focus is to become a star by increasing its nutritional content and replacing Maida with some high fibre content but which taste similar to it in order to increase its sales not only among the children and the youngsters but also among the middle and the old age group. IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS OF NEW STATEGIES Nestle is adopting a selective implementation strategy because it wants to introduce new non vegetarian flavours under its Maggi noodles in Indian market and in some other countries as well. This implementation process is going to be very beneficial for our company because we don’t require separate production plants for this purpose as our main base product which are noodles will remain same but only difference is going to be there in the taste of masala which will be made separately for different flavours. Mainly we plan to have a small demarcation by have new manufacturing blocks in separate corners each of our existing factories where we can keep our non veg stock and also we will have a different assembly lines for veg and non veg Maggis basically this will help our company in achieving economies of scale. Also in order to achieve this aim it needs to ensure a high level of quality check because while manufacturing non vegetarian flavours one has to be very sure about certain factors relating to hygiene of the noodles so that it does not have an adverse impact on the health of the people therefore the company needs to have a new group of managers in all its factories which will only take care of the quality aspect of the product. Also as we plan to export our product to some Asian countries we plan to hire a team of sales managers in those countries who will be marketing our product out there but as we also want to ensure its sales at a less price for that purpose we will have to strong finance department who will manage the costs in an effective manner. For example at present in countries like Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand etc it is available for 60 RS and is hardly purchased so we would be selling it at 30 RS by giving the consumers a 50% discount in order to increase our sales. Again Inoder to control our costs e will balance it by cutting on our advertising expenditure and instead of showing adds on Television we will have stalls in the malls not only in India but also in countries where we would be exporting our Maggi because in today’s date maximum crowd is found in such places, this will give our company dual advantage by increasing peoples awareness regarding the flavours and balancing our cos t budget, the stalls main function will be basically to make people taste the new and different flavours so that they know their choice which will then become easier for them to pick up from the stores and besides Maggi noodles will also sell some other culinary products of Maggi like the soups, sauces, pickles and other Maggi snacks. Managers of our factories in India will also build tie ups with the distributors in the export countries in order to ensure the availability of our Maggi noodles in the main supermarkets over there besides the few Indian stores where it is currently available. Other important things which our company needs is a new technological base for implementing changes in strategy of our deigns and packaging department for our packets by employing some new creative and technologists and by tying up with the new suppliers and dealers of paper material in place of plastic. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS The reason I choose pest analysis is because it helps in estimating the political, social, environmental and technological factors that impacts our decision to choose a strategy as it makes us aware about our overall budget that is the cost of production that will be incurred during its manufacturing, also tells us whether our food product is in demand or not and is consumed by which particular segment of the population. We also get an idea regarding how feasible it is for the firm to export and import the food product and what are the various restriction and regulations imposed on it by the government. It also helps us in deciding our base for RD activities. It gives us an overall knowledge about an FMCG INDUSTRY’S external environment at the same time it very disadvantageneous for the organization due to the instant changes taking place in our society and also a large collection of data makes it a complex situation for the company to do the analysis. The second most important tool is the value chain analysis which defines the company’s core competencies and with the help of these activities the firm can gain competitive advantage by increasing the amount of price charged from the customers over the costs price of its value chain activities basically it helps us in knowing about the firms internal environment. The third tool is the porters five forces tool which helps us in knowing about our competitors who are planning to enter the market and the level of competition among the existing players in the industry, the various substitutes that are available in the market, how much different is the product from its substitutes and at what cost they can switch to other products, concentration of the buyers and suppliers and their dominance in that industry. It also helps in gaining information about other supplier’s methods and cost and is also aims at increasing its incentive and making a direct link with its consumers. Overall this tool helps us in gathering knowledge about the competition prevailing in the industry but again it has a major disadvantage of not being applicable in today dynamic business environment where we have so much variety in terms of our FMCG products. The fourth tool is the swot analysis which talks about the various strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of our noodles brand. It basically helps us in working towards improving our weakness and the threats facing our noodles and also keep up with our strengths rather make them stronger and grab the upcoming opportunity. Another tool used like the environmental basics which helps us in finding our products market share, market sixe and market growth rate , all these factors help us in building strategies to increase the current market growth rate and the market share. The last tool used is the product life cycle tool which helps in analysing the stage at which our product is in the market presently, whether it is the introduction, growth, maturity or decline and how it has reached at that stage over the past years. It thus gives us an idea as to what stage it will likely be in the coming years. REFRENCES www. scribd. om/ /Impact-of-Socio-culture-Environment-on-the-Launch (Accessed on 4/2/2011) www. businessreviewindia. in/ india/nestle-india-faces-new-challenges (Accessed on 6/2/2011) www. scribd. com †º Presentations †º Business/Law(Accessed on 7/2/2011) www. slideshare. net/ /market-penetration-of-maggie-noodels (Accessed on 10/2/2011) www. singaporeaninlondon. com/2008/ /maggii-myojo-and-me. htm (Accessed on 10/2/2011) uk. answers. yahoo. com †º †º London (Accessed on 10/2/2011) www. scribd. com †º Presentations †º School Work(Accessed on 15/2/2011) www. scribd. com/doc/6519321/Maggi-2-minute-noodle (Accessed on 16/2/2011) www. icmrindia. org †º Business Case Studies (Accessed on 18/2/2011) www. bignerds. com/tag/1-checkpoint-systems life-cycle-sdlc/22/ (Accessed on 18/2/2011) www. managementparadise. com †º †º Marketing Management (Accessed on 18/2/2011) www. moneycontrol. com †º Markets †º Food Processing(Accessed on 18/2/2011) www. nestle. in/PresenceAcrossIndia. aspx? nesindia=2(Accessed on 20/2/2011) www. nestle. in/Nestle_in_community. aspx(Accessed on 4/2/2011) www. nestle. in/press_01. pdf(Accessed on 22/2/2011) www. nestle. com †º Home †º Media †º News Features(Accessed on 23/2/2011) www. careers. nestle. com †º Life at Nestle (Accessed on 23/2/2011) www. nestle. com/ /Nestle-to-invest-in-RD-Centre-in-India. sp(Accessed on 24/2/2011) www. citeman. com/816-value-chain-in-sizing-up-competitive-advantage/(Accessed on 3/3/2011) www. projectsmart. co. uk/pest-analysis. html(Accessed on 4/3/2011) www. netmba. com/strategy/value-chain/(Accessed on 5/3/2011) Hussey, D. (1998) fourth edition, Strategic Management from theory to implementation, Pergamon press, Great Britain. Morden, T. (2007), THIRD EDITION, Principles of Strategic Management, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England. Capon, C. (2009), Third edition, understanding the business environment, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Lynch, R. (2003), Third edition, Strategic Management, Pearson Education Limited, England.

Professions of a New Generation You Can Get Without an Academic Degree

Professions of a New Generation You Can Get Without an Academic Degree We are often told that the best way to get ahead is with a college education. The reality though is that an academic degree is not always the best choice. The good news is that rewarding job opportunities exist. Below are just a few examples of careers that one can be truly proud of that do not require years of advanced education and study. Health Industry 1.Dental Hygienist Dental Hygienists responsibilities are all related to keeping a patient’s teeth clean and healthy. They are the ones that educate patients on brushing, flossing, and assisting them in choosing the right products. Most dental hygienists need to be accredited so a 12-month course at a community college should be all the education that is required. Salary: $72,330 Education: a 12-month course at a community college. 2.Diagnostic Medical Sonographer Sonographers operate the sonogram machines used to determine an unborn baby’s gender and medical condition. These machines are also needed to identify tumors and other medical conditions a patient may have. There are no formal license requirements that must be met but applicants will have to pass a certification exam, which may require at least a fundamental knowledge of how to use the equipment and analyze the results. Salary: $68,970 Education: fundamental knowledge on the equipment usage. 3.Occupational Therapy Assistant OTAs are responsible for following through on the occupational therapist’s guidelines laid out to help patients get back to a normal routine and lifestyle after a debilitating medical condition, injury or an accident. This job does require an AA degree, which can be completed in one to two years at a local community college. Salary: $57,870 Education: an AA degree at a local community college. Internet Technology 1.Web Developer Web Developers design and create websites. While some jobs do require a BA degree to land the job there are plenty of other jobs that require only a specialized certification in their area of expertise. These can be acquired by attending a local trade school. For many companies, employers put more emphasis on an applicant’s portfolio rather than their degrees so creating a mock-up of your design ideas may be all that is needed to get your foot in the door. Salary: $64,970 Education: specialized certification in the area of expertise. 2.Computer Support Specialist Computer Support Specialists are responsible for troubleshooting computer and technical problems. They are required to have a solid foundation in both hardware and software issues and how to resolve them but these skills that can be learned on the job. Proof of competency is more important than the degree so as long as you can pass the exam you have a good shot at getting the job. Salary: $62,250 Education: solid foundation in both hardware and software issues. 3.Content Marketer While content marketing is more about the writing it is a job that blends those writing skills with modern technology. A good content marketer has knowledge of web design, basic computer technology, and marketing strategies. Salary: $58,302 Education: knowledge of web design, basic computer technology, and marketing strategies. Industry 1.Electric Power Line Installer With new construction happening every day the demand for power is at an all time high. Installers work under dangerous conditions so it is considered to be a high risk job however, the skills required can be mastered through an apprenticeship program or some form of on-the-job training, which you should be able to start with only a high-school diploma. Salary: $66,213 Education: an apprenticeship program or some form of on-the-job training. 2.Wind Turbine Technician Wind techs are responsible for the operation and maintenance of the massive wind turbines used to generate power. Most of the job requirements are technical and can be learned on the job. However, if you want to get a leg up in this field it may help to complete a 1-2 year AA degree at a local trade school or community college. Salary: $51,050 Education: a 1-2 year AA degree at a local trade school or community college. 3.Heavy and Tractor Truck Drivers It is estimated that every year there are at least 1.7 million jobs posted for commercial drivers. To get a CDL license you can take a short course of about seven to eight weeks many of them offered by the company you will work for. The cost for these courses can often be included in the hiring package so you don’t have to come out with cash up front to get the job. Salary: $40,000 Education: a course of about seven to eight weeks. Finance 1.Insurance Sales Agent Insurance agents work in many different fields. Their primary role is to sell home, health, auto, life, and business insurance to corporations. In corporate insurance they may also be expected to sell liability and property damage policies. The insurance industry is heavily regulated and an agent must be licensed by their state. However, with a little personal study one could get licensed with just a high-school diploma. Salary: $48,200 Education: a license that can be gotten with a little personal study. 2.Tax Preparers Tax Preparers are always in high demand, especially during tax season. They help Americans get their taxes filed, claim refunds, and declare business and personal deductions. Every year there is a huge gap in the number of preparers needed and the number of positions filled. Salary: $41,000 Education: high school diploma. 3.Bookkeeper Bookkeepers are responsible for maintaining financial records for businesses. They record all transactions, update statements, and are on hand to clarify any discrepancies in the records. No extensive education is required but they should have basic math and computer skills as well as an understanding of bookkeeping techniques. Salary: $40,991 Education: basic math and computer skills. So, while an advanced degree can be rewarding, it is still possible to have a financially satisfying career without one.

Classical Management Style versus Scientific Management

Classical Management Style versus Scientific Management Signs and Symptoms of Incompetent Management Management incorporates the act of leading and controlling a group of people with an objective of attaining collective goals. Usually, organizations with perfect and effective management systems achieve marvelous results.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Classical Management Style versus Scientific Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The level of success of such organizations normally depends on the competency of their managers. Managers are integral components of any organization. They should be visionary and competent in their endeavors in order to realize remarkable results. This requires effective leadership skills (GIRIN, 2011). For example, declining profits within an organization (due to falling revenues and increasing expenses) signifies management’s incompetence. Employees underperform under incompetent managements. Disregarding the workers’ p references, poor motivational strategies, and lack of innovation are among other factors that employees’ performance. It is crucial to understand these provisions based on their viability, applicability, and other relevant frameworks. Reduced morale and weakened motivation within the workforce indicate an incompetent management. Incompetent managers are reluctant to employ highly qualified personnel. It is vital to consider these provisions when analyzing characteristics of incompetent leadership. Ineffective communication and poor feedback channels also portray managers with deprived competency. Concurrently, secrecy, gossip, and denying realities are other vital signs of incompetence (Jia,You, Du, 2012). Because of these, employees lose their trust in the management. Overconfidence is also a sign of management incompetence. Notably, such managers confuse accidental organizational success with their personal strategic radiance.Advertising Looking for essay on busine ss economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Incompetent managers are more likely to put the entire organizations into risky ventures. Particularly, these managers are more likely to push employees to effect risky ventures. Insufficient quality control may also be a sign of management’s incompetency. Defective products, intensive damages on goods, constant service interruptions, and high rates of client complaints are associated with insufficient quality control (GIRIN, 2011). These emerge due to lack of employee motivation and dedication to duty. Poor client services from employees might also emanate from management incompetence. It is observable that several signs or symptoms of incompetent management remain evident in most organizations. The Classical Management Style versus Scientific Management Classical management refers to the management based on the conviction that workers have economic and physical demands. According to this management style, workers’ social requirements and demands for job fulfillment is unimportant. This management style lobby for increased labor specialization, centralized decision processes, and profit making. Being the oldest management strategy, classical management is specifically interested in the increase of efficiency, both for the employees and the organization (Jia, You, Du, 2012). Basically, the style majorly deals with the universal operational guidelines while endeavoring for monetary efficiency. It embodies scientific, administrative, and bureaucratic management. Scientific management concentrates on a particular and modest manner of doing specific jobs. Scientific management depends on the theory that examines work processes with an aim of improving the general labor productivity (GIRIN, 2011). It involves the organizational management according to the efficiency principles drawn from empirical investigations on the work as well as production methodologies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Classical Management Style versus Scientific Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As potentiated by Taylor, scientific management suggests that resolutions, which are dependent on dictatorship and tradition, must be replaced with concise processes developed from analysis of specific situations. Thus, it can be noted that classical management is more repressive than scientific management (Paulus Yang, 2000). In scientific management, it is believed that basic jobs can be planned adequately to increase productivity. It is critical to understand these provisions in the context of effective management. Notably, scientific management is extremely effective when considered in diverse contexts. Unlike classical management, scientific management depends largely on the empirical analysis of situations. The distinction between scientific and behavioral theories is clearly depicted within different organizations. Whilst scientific theory stresses on the importance of empirical analysis of the work processes, behavioral theories examine the actual performance competency of leaders (GIRIN, 2011). According to behavioral theory, good managers can be molded. There is an assumption that an effective leadership depends on an identifiable and learnable behavior. I have severally experienced behavioral theory in the course of my work. For instance, presently in my organization, the senior managers started learning in their various departments as trainees through apprenticeship. In this practice, there is a clear depiction that leadership competencies may be learned. This is unlike the widespread belief that leadership competencies are inherent.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References GIRIN, J. (2011). Empirical Analysis of Management Situations: Elements of Theory and Method. European Management Review. 8: 197–212. Jia, L., You, S. and Du, Y. (2012). Chinese Context and Theoretical Contributions to Management and Organization Research: A Three-decade Review. Management and Organization Review. 8: 173–209. Paulus, P. and Yang, H. (2000). Idea Generation in Groups: A Basis for Creativity in Organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 82:76–87.

To what extent should the financial reporting practices of public Essay

To what extent should the financial reporting practices of public sector organizations differ from those used by companies in the private sector - Essay Example Hence the financial accounting system is to be very strict to ensure the uniform justice. Making them profit driven is crucial for the whole nation as will add further to the gross domestic product of the country and for generating higher employment. In addition the reforms in public sector are needed for following factors which also decide the style of financial reporting in public enterprises. The financial reporting analysis studies indicated that majority private firms get involved in cost reduction activities and hence their efficiency is higher and hence public sector can follow this by implementing cost reduction measures with out affecting the social objectives. Matsumari and Matsushima (2004) conducted an investigation on mixed duopoly, in which a public enterprise with social objectives competes with a profit-maximizing private firm. The use of a Hotelling-type spatial model helped them in product differentiation. Similarly the production costs were reduced by following cost-reducing activities. It was also noticed that the private firms engage in excessive strategic cost-reducing activities and hence their production cost becomes lower than the public firm. It was also felt that privatization of the loss making public firms will result in reducing the operational losses and converting them in to profit making enterprises. The second factor that is to be kept in mind is that the source of funds for the public sector is from the public mainly where as the source of funding in private sector is from private individuals. Hence the public sector enterprises should be held highly responsible for the financial performance. It does not mean that the private sector should be neglected but it suggests that the private sector needs a separate style of financial reporting system. The users and stakeholders are another crucial

CISCO Systems Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

CISCO Systems Inc - Research Paper Example The company operates through data center operations management services, which assists the customers in accelerating the operational success by employing new technologies and solves the problems that arise in the due course of time. The Data Center Services for Operations Enablement of CISCO includes many voluntary modules, which assist in accelerating the operational maturity of the Data Center management processes. The three main domains of operation such as plan, build and manage are significant in the company. The services aim at addressing the challenges that are associated with the operational processes and tools. This requires assessment of data effectively and efficiently in the data center. The business operation of CISCO has undergone huge changes and is also encountering modifications presently so that they can sell the bundles of solutions in high prices. The offered solution bundles need changes in credit selling, revenue attribution, supply chain and order processing (CISCO Systems Inc., 2014a; CISCO Systems Inc., 2014c). Analysis of operations transformation process of CISCO One of the main competitive advantages of CISCO is its ability to offer architectures of different products related to collaboration, mobility, borderless networks, and security. The transformation process of the service that is taken into account is Wireless LAN (CISCO Systems Inc. 2014b). The process considers the designing and sale of the solutions of the products that are developed by the units or partners of the unit.

The Influence of Culture on Language Essay Example for Free

The Influence of Culture on Language Essay In this movies, I can find a lot of concepts that we have been studied in this four chapter. Although I mostly disagree the main idea of this movie, I think it is fight for survive and there are not clear justice, I admit it is a good movie to study intercultural communication. After watching this movie, I first think about the Identity. Identities are sets of social expectation related to ourselves and others that are grounded in the interplay between similarities and difference and pertain to personal, relational and communal aspects of lives. As you can see from the opening scene when the general hope the Lieutenant Jim to fight for human, even he make him to choose between his brother life or Mala. A role is something one puts on and takes off depending on the needs of the situation. In this situation, the general expected the Lieutenant Jim to fight for him but not for parliament, because he think Jim is a human and soldier, he could not fight for Terrian. It is a role expectation. I also find the communications relationship to identity in this movie and it is Ironically. When the soldiers find the Mala in their Ark, they first thought is she will destroy Ark, they should catch her as soon as possible. Such identity label always take this common idea that Mala is not human, she must in order to destroy to come the Ark. The communication naturally reflects her identities, also her identities will common reflect what she will doing. But ironically, who arrest human to capture the planet uncompromising is not Mala, but Lieutenant Jim, also a human. It is no doubt to find the movie is most to focus on personal identity. The movie highly praise the personal identity has special power to solve the conflicts between relational identity and communal identity. As a human, he has a communal identity. But he also has a relational identity that he is a friend of Mala. During the battle, he want to save his brother and also do not want to hurt Mala, at this time, he did another choice. At last, there a scene shows a big sculpture about Lieutenant Jim. Heroism most present a personal identity. In the movie, I find another conflict about the worldview. What is our relationship with the nature, mastery or adaptive. The general certainly stand for mastery the world. He want to capture the planet and change the world to another earth. Human is mostly like to mastery the world. We can find at the movie stated, it is because of absolute mastery the nature, we are ver-exploitation, destroy the nature and fight each other that lead to lose our world. But the parliament seems to change. It is more like Terrian to adaptive the world. They stand to share the world and lend into the environment. At this point, we can find another concept which we study in this for chapter is Similarities and Differences. So when we discuss the culture, we could not be overgeneralization. Back to the worldview, we find the Terrians world view is more in accordance with that current environmental protection organization advocated. At this view, I really love to adapt the world or not to master it. But at last, I mostly find that human is more like to make a big cage to close ourselves. I thought the author is rather extreme. At last, I think to study a intercultural communication in a movie is a meaningful and interesting. But maybe it is a little exaggeration, because the movie always take some authors personal value in it.

The Rebels of Dharma Bums, Takin it to the Streets and New American Po

Rebels of Dharma Bums, Takin' it to the Streets and New American Poetry      Ã‚  Ã‚   You don't need a destination to run away. All you have to know is what you are leaving behind. In the 1960's, young men and women in the United States, especially on the west coast, made a mad dash away from almost two centuries of American tradition. They ran to so many different places that it would be impossible to generalize about their aims and philosophies. What they had in common was the running itself.    America was drowning in materialism. In "A Coney Island of the Mind," Lawrence Ferlinghetti characterized the land of the free and the home of the brave as "a concrete continent spaced with bland billboards illustrating imbecile illusions of happiness" (New American Poetry, ed. Allen, p131).    John Sinclair criticized a country that needed "Eighty-seven different brands of toothpaste" and "Millions of junky automobiles" (Takin' it to the Streets, ed. Bloom, p303). After the novelty of cars and other products wore off, some Americans began to feel that the emphasis on production was changing the character of the country. Economic prosperity had gone to America's head, and in the scramble for profit idealism had been left behind. Kafka is quoted by Richard Brautigan in his novel Trout Fishing in America as having said that "I like the Americans because they are healthy and optimistic." (Takin' it to the Streets, p280) The new generation of Americans, however, was nowhere near optimistic about the future of their country. They saw the land of the free and the home of the brave degenerating into a production line of television sets and plastic gizmos.    The loss of individuality was what many feared. In ... ...ad all the enthusiasm and all the rebelliousness. They were the ones who, according to Ginsberg, "howled on their knees in the subway and were dragged off the roof waving genitals and manuscripts" (p185). However, all their manuscripts said different things. Mainstream America had two hundred years of tradition behind them, and in addition to that they had force of habit and a leader in the form of the United States government. The new generation had only their conviction that a change must take place. But their passion and their flamboyance made people listen up.    Works Cited Allen, Donald, ed. The New American Poetry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999. Bloom, Alexander and Breines, Wini. Takin' it to the Streets. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995. Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1986.

The Collapse of Ronan Point

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to consider the perceived failures associated with the famous collapse of Ronan Point on 16 May, 1968. Following a gas explosion, an entire corner of the 22 storey tower block in East London collapsed, killing 4 people and injuring 17. In order to analyse the failures that occurred, the paper will firstly look at the history of the building, its design and construction, before looking at the collapse itself and the perceived failures that were identified after the event. The building was named after the chairman of the housing committee of the relevant London Borough, Newham, and was one of many tower blocks built during the 1960s in a budget-driven and affordable way to deal with the growing demand for affordable housing in the region (Levy and Salvadori 1992). The very ethos of this affordable housing and the use of cheaper materials and cheaper construction approaches is arguably one of the first and fundamental contributory factors to the disaster (Griffiths et al 1968). Design and Construction The actual design and construction of the building was mooted as far back as the end of World War II, when much of the housing available in the London region was destroyed as a result of the war and there was a rapid demand for a large amount of housing. Other factors such as a lack of skilled labourers, as well as the changing housing policy which enabled multi-stories to be established, created a demand for the design and construction of buildings such as the one in question here. A prefabricated construction technique was used which involved the creation of much of the high-rise building which was then transported to the area for final construction (Cagley, 2003). The actual construction approach that was used here was that of the Larsen-Nielsen system which was composed of factory-built, precast concrete components designed to minimise on-site construction work. Walls, floors and stairways are all precast. â€Å"All units, installed one-story high are load bearing† (ENR, 1968 at p.54). Although this system was tried and tested, the approach was not designed to be used in a building of more than 6 storeys high. However, the building of this tower block was 22 storeys high and there was no recognition, at the construction phase, that this could potentially jeopardise the validity of the construction technique. The basic construction approach involved a precast concrete structure frame, with each floor of the multi-storey building being supported by the load-bearing walls directly beneath each other, floor upon floor (Bignell et al 1977). Collapse The collapse itself happened at 5:45 am in the morning when the tenant of one of the apartments on the 18th floor lit a match, unbeknownst that there had been a gas leak overnight. By lighting the match, an explosion took place and this ended up damaging the load-bearing wall which was present on the 18th floor and was acting as the only support for the corner of the 19th floor. When the corner of the 19th floor collapsed, this had the effect of the 20th floor collapsing. Once the floors above had already collapsed the pressure on the floors became unbearable and the domino effect continued downward, destroying the entire corner of the building (Delatte, 2009). The way in which the collapse took place meant that, essentially, it destroyed a portion of the living room all the way down the building, but left the bedrooms intact in most cases, with the exception of floors 17 to 22 the room which were in the immediate vicinity of the explosion. It was on these floors that all of the fata lities happened and due to the fact that the explosion had taken place early in the morning, the majority of the individuals who were in their bedrooms were unaffected (Delatte, 2009). Perceived Failures When looking at the perceived failures and causes of failure, it can be seen that the analysis is largely split into two distinct areas: first, considering the immediate cause of failure; the second looking at the fundamental flaws in the design and construction of the building that allowed such a dramatic reaction to the immediate event (Griffiths et al 1968). The actual investigation into the event which took place involved a government panel which was formed in order to look at the causes of failure and to consider whether or not there were other buildings which potentially could suffer from a similar eventuality, in the future. As stated previously, the construction approach taken for Ronan Point was replicated in many other buildings, with eight other exact replicas in occupation. Therefore, establishing the reason for the collapse is crucially important (Pearson and Delatte, 2003) One of the key factors that took contributed in the immediate event itself was found to be a substandard connection used in order to connect the gas stove in the relevant apartment. Whilst this meant that the gas leak had presented itself in a way that would not have been likely, had they used a different connection, as well as having the incorrect connection, it was found that over tightening had occurred during installation. This probably weakened the connection and allowed gas to leak out. Despite this, the evidence gathered suggested that the explosion itself was not substantial, as there was no permanent damage to the hearing of the individual in the apartment. This suggests that relatively little pressure was involved, although there was sufficient pressure to move the external walls of the building and to create a progressive collapse within the building (Levy and Salvadori, 1992). Broadly speaking, the progressive collapse is thought to have occurred due to the fact that there was a lack of alternate load paths available and there was no support for the structural frame available on the higher floors (Wearne, 2000). This meant that when there was an explosion on level 18, this took out the only support so that the floors above level 18 failed and this placed excessive pressure on the lower floors, until it ultimately collapse to ground level. Perceived failures, can be split into two distinct categories, the first being the cause of the explosion itself; the second looking at the repercussions of the explosion, which were extensive, given the magnitude of the explosion, which was relatively low. Procedure and Project Management Unsurprisingly, as a result of the collapse here, building codes, guidelines and regulations were advised not only in the United Kingdom, but across the globe. The building regulations, changed in 1970, state that any building with more than four storeys needs to have a design structure in place that would resist a progressive collapse of this nature (Pearson and Delatte, 2005, pp. 175). Apart from the construction mechanisms themselves, there were also concerns that failures had occurred in the project management, as well as failures to check procedures. The gaps between the floors and in the walls meant that the building had not been established in a way that was part of the original design and planning. In addition to the actual failure in the design of the property, concerns were also raised in the report in relation to the need for quality control of the construction processes taking place. For example, it was proven that during the construction, certain design factors had been ignored, with unfilled gaps between the floors and walls, throughout the premises, which meant that the building had little in the way of separation between the flats. Furthermore, in high rise buildings of this type, a relatively narrow staircase is acceptable, as there is thought to be enough fire protection between the floors. In the absence of this fire protection, narrow staircases w ould be unacceptable, in the event of a fire or explosion of this nature. Key Failures The analysis above indicates that there are several failures which together created the dramatic collapse at Ronan Point. These are: social pressures on the construction company to establish a large amount of housing accommodation, rapidly and cheaply; the use of constructions not aimed at high storey buildings of this nature; failures to put in place methods whereby there was no secondary support structure in place, in the event of a failure with any of the load-bearing walls; failures with the processes being followed, which resulted in the wrong processes being followed in the connection of the gas pipes, as well as other omissions during the construction process, with the failure to follow the design provided. It can be seen, that the project management would have, at least in part, dealt with many of these failures and would have either prevented the explosion, in the first place, or would have seriously reduced the impact of the explosion, once it did take place. The crucial factor in this analysis is that the explosion itself was relatively minor, yet the repercussions were large and it is this chain of events that requires attention when it comes to better project management, in the future. Recommendations for Better Project Management Certain failures took place at the design phase, when the design construction of the premises was selected, yet was not entirely suitable for a 22 storey building. This was arguably the first and crucial failure which could have been avoided with further research into the limitations of this design. However, the main focus of the recommendations presented here is in relation to the project management process, from the point at which the design was presented for the construction, to the point at which the building was completed (Pearson and Delatte, 2005). At the outset, when the project team came together, there was an opportunity to run scenarios and to check the validity of the chosen construction, given the design that were being presented and the need to establish a 22 storey building. By running these types of scenarios, it is likely that it would become apparent that the chosen construction design was simply inappropriate. Even without this element of the project management being undertaken and risk assessments being carried out, the next stage of the project management should have involved a strong quality control check for every aspect of the work. The fundamental design of the building was proven to be flawed; however, there were also errors during the actual construction phase, for example the use of the wrong connections when it came to the gas pipes installed. Although this, in itself, did not lead to the catastrophic collapse of part of the building, it did create a minor gas explosion which started the chain of events. Quality control processes at every phase of construction and fitting would have potentially prevented the chain of events from emerging, in the first place (Shepherd and Frost, 1995). Next Steps and Conclusions Bearing this in mind, there are several proposed changes and next steps which could be taken to prevent a similar failure happening in the future. Firstly, although the design used was accepted during this era, it was known that it would simply not be appropriate for the type of building which was being planned. This should have been noted, at the outset, with additional safety structures then planed so as to prevent this type of progressive collapse from taking place. Secondly, worst-case scenarios should be run, at the outset, to enable the project managers to ascertain whether any weaknesses existed. Moreover, although the rest of collapse in this case resulted in the building being destroyed, it was also not able to withstand strong winds and this also, ultimately, could have resulted in the building becoming uninhabitable. By running scenarios, such as high winds or explosion, these issues would have been highlighted and changes in the design could have been incorporated, from the outset (Pearson and Delatte 2003). Finally, quality control during the construction process was also not suitable. This should have been done with much greater consistency, to ensure that the smaller processes, such as the fitting of connections, was carried out to an appropriate standard, thus preventing the minor incident that ultimately led to the overall disaster. By following these clear project management approaches and ensuring that an individual was put in place, in order to manage quality and control, as well as any variables in this area, the collapse of the building could have been avoided, or at least the cause of the collapse mitigated against, so as not to cause loss of life and injury. References Bignell, V., Peters, J., and Pym, C. (1977). Catastrophic failures. Open University Press, Milton Keynes, New York. Cagley, J. R. (2003, April). The design professional’s concerns regarding progressive collapse design. Building Sciences, 27, 4-6. Delatte, N. J. (2009). Beyond failure: Forensic case studies for civil engineers. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, Virginia, 97-106. Engineering News Record (ENR). (1968). â€Å"Systems built apartment collapse.† ENR, May 23, 1968, 54. Griffiths, H., Pugsley, A. G., and Saunders, O. (1968). Report of the inquiry into the collapse of flats at Ronan Point, Canning Town. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London. Levy, M., and Salvadori, M. (1992). Why buildings fall down: How structures fail. W.W. Norton, New York, 76-83. Pearson, C., and Delatte, N. (2003). Lessons from the Progressive Collapse of the Ronan Point Apartment Tower. In Forensic Engineering, Proceedings of the Third Congress, edited by Paul A. Bosela, Norbert J. Dellate, and Kevin L. Rens, ASCE, Reston, VA., pp. 190-200. Pearson, C.,and Delatte, N. J. (2005) Ronan Point Apartment Tower Collapse and Its Effect on Building Codes. J. Perf. of Constr. Fac., 19(2), 172-177. Shepherd, R., and Frost, J. D. (1995). Failures in Civil Engineering: Structural, Foundation, and Geoenvironmental Case Studies, ASCE, New York. Wearne, P. (2000). Collapse: When Buildings Fall Down, TV Books, L.L.C., New York, 137-156.

Political Stupidity

Amanda Ortiz, Swetaben Ahir, Nga Le, and Shantel Palmer Professor McDade English 1302 October 15, 2012 Political Stupidity, U. S. Style In E . J. Dionne’s essay, â€Å"Political Stupidity, U. S. Style† he wants to address the political stupidity that the government is making. To start his argument, he raises an emotional question, â€Å"Can a nation remain a superpower if its internal politics are incorrigibly stupid? † The author is saying are we letting politics, irrational ideas on fiscal policy and an antiquated political structure undermine our power.He divides political stupidity into three parts: stupid tax policies, irrational ideas on fiscal policy and antiquated political structure. In his essay, â€Å"Political Stupidity, U. S Style,† Dionne employs ethos, connotation and an emotional appeal. In paragraph sixteen, Dionne uses ethos. He writes, â€Å"I’m a chronic optimist about America. † E. J. Dionne is confident about the future to get better but we need well intentioned republicans who care about the nation interest to realize something has gone fundamentally wrong with their party and work to help bring it back.To get rid of political stupidity, he wants to form a senate, a new conservatism that is worthy of our name, liberals willing to speak out on the threat our daft politics poses to our influence in the world, and moderates. However the readers might have complete trust of the government of the United States and so they might not like someone questioning their credibility. In paragraph number seventeen, Dionne uses connotation saying â€Å"We need moderates who do more than stick their fingers in the wind to calculate the halfway point between two political poles. Dionne is hoping to make people aware of the political stupidity and the need to bring change in the system of politics. Sticking their fingers in the wind, means a person putting his finger in the wind is unlikely to come up with original solutions, and decisions are made without backing evidence. It says that the politicians are making blind decisions without even thinking about its consequences. It also makes them look like fools running the country. However, if some people think that the politicians were fools, the United States would not have been a super power.In paragraph seven, Dionne uses a strict emotional appeal as a mean to persuade his audience. He writes, â€Å"The simple truth is that the wealthy in the United States- the people who have made almost all the income gains in recent years- are under taxed compared with everyone else. † Consider two reports from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. One, issued last month, highlighted findings from the Congressional Budget Office showing that, â€Å"The gaps in after-tax income between the richest 1 percent of Americans and the middle and poorest fifths of the country more than tripled between 1979 and 2007. The other, from February, used Int ernal Revenue Service data to show that the effective federal income tax rate for the 400 taxpayers with the very highest incomes declined by nearly half in just over a decade, even as their pre-tax incomes have grown five times larger. He writes this, hoping that by using the reports from the Congressional Budget Office, he would be able to prove his point that the United States is politically stupid. It seems as if he is trying to bring awareness among the people of the United States about the decisions made by politicians.Although he has demonstrated his evidence very convincingly and it seems that he would get his readers attention and they would listen to his concerns but some of his readers think that he is being blunt and through his essay he is making direct acquisitions on the politicians of the United States. The United States is falling behind and the public seems not to notice. In paragraph number fourteen, Dionne talks about the structure of our government. He talks abo ut how the ratio between the largest and smallest state was 13 to 1. Now it’s 68 to 1.He writes,† because of the abuse of the filibuster, 41 senators representing less than 11 percent of the national population can, in principle, block action supported by 59 senators representing more than 89 percent of our population. And you wonder why it’s hard to get anything done in Washington? ’’ Dionne gives convincing evidence to support his claim which is the politics of the United States is stupid. He uses ethos and shows his concerns by saying he is a chronic optimist about America. He also uses reports to prove his point and persuade the audience. However he seems blunt and tells it like it is without any fear.

Why should we recycle. Essay Example

Why should we recycle. Essay Example Why should we recycle. Essay Why should we recycle. Essay The recycling process involves the collection, separation and reprocessing already used materials into new products. The process is so called because the process undergoes a severally the cycle of manufacture; production, use†¦The recycling process involves the collection, separation and reprocessing already used materials into new products. The process is so called because the process undergoes a severally the cycle of manufacture; production, use. Recycling reduces the likelihood of wasting of useful materials and the process thereof of production as well as reducing consumption of fresh raw materials. There are two major forms of recycling: salvaging and reusing. Salvaging is a waste sorting technique in which parts or materials that have intrinsic value or are hazardous in nature are collected and separated in materials recovery facilities. Reuse on the other hand is the using again of a material that had already been used (Porter, 2002).ThesisDue to rapidly dwindling resour ces it has become imperative to recycle due to the potential of recycled materials to save enormously in terms of resources required for fresh production as well as the potential of recycled materials to remain in circulation virtually for a long time.Virtually everything can be recycled. However some materials when recycled tend to loose their properties, quality or their size (like paper, cardboard) while others like steel and aluminum tend to remain the same in quantity and quality after recycling. Some of the materials that can be recycled include aluminum, waste paper, glass, steel cans, cardboard, newspapers certain plastics and many other materials. These can find their way back to the consumers in a the same form or a different ones. For example when glass is recycled, it can be remanufactured into glass containers, laundry detergent bottles, steel framing, office paper, roofing, pipes and much more (Porter, 2002).Some of the materials that are widely used and therefore offe r a very viable choice for mass recycling due to their ability to save on the cost of energy used in production of new ones are aluminium, plastics, glass and other miscellaneous wastes such as nail polish, paint thinner, batteries.AluminumIt is estimated that about 24 million tones of aluminum is produced annually in the world. Of these, it is approximated that about 29 cans are produced for every pound of aluminum produced in the U.S. (Purdue, 2003). Majority of these cans are used for beer and soft drinks (99% of beer packaging is aluminum based while 97% soft drinks are packaged in aluminum cans) but only about 40% of the cans are post-consumer recycled (Donald, 2002). Given the fact that it requires only about 5% as much energy to recycle an aluminum can than when produced from virgin ore, there would be no need for mining new ores since about 3.1 million tones of aluminum waste is generated accounting for about 1.5% of the total municipal waste of the united states. There can be a sizable amount of savings if aluminum is completely recycled (Ackerman, 1996).PlasticsPlastic is the most used material on earth. It has been established that on average, an American car contains about 300pounds of plastic of about 60 different resins, about 10% of all the earnings of a grocery store are used to buy paper and plastic packaging. Cumulatively, plastic contributes about 23.9% (by volume) of all municipal waste in the U.S. however out of these only about 0.9 million tons of plastic (accounting for 4.7% of all the plastic used) were recycled (Purdue, 2003). The amount spent on manufacturing new plastic could have been reduced had all the plastic been recycled since there is no additional cost or energy required in recycling plastics (Donald, 2002).GlassAnnually about 41 billion glass containers were produced in the U.S. alone in shades of clear (about 64% of the total), brown (23%) and green (13%) this is according to research carried out by Purdue University (Purdu e, 2003) in 1992.Glass containers are 64% clear, 23% brown, and 13% green. The glass generated a total waste of approximately 13.3 million tons of glass contributing 6.3% of total U.S municipal waste. Of these only 35% was recycled which is very low for a commodity which is said that one glass jar recycled can produce energy to power a 100watt light bulb for about four hours (Ackerman, 1996).Other miscellaneous wastesIt is this class of goods that produce most of the municipal waste of the U.S. while some of them cannot be classified under ‘recyclable’ goods, a significant amount can be salvaged or reused.The materials that end up in waste that could be better reused   include durable goods, such as television sets, refrigerators and other home electronics which contributed about   16% of the   U.S. municipal solid waste (by weight, 25.5 million tons of solid waste). The amount of energy used to make each component cannot be compared to the cost that can be incurr ed by producing a new one. Their mode of recycling can be sale by salvaging parts that can be reused (PA Department of Environmental Protection. 2008).Having looked at the various forms of materials and their benefits in terms of energy savings if they are recycled rather than produced from scratch, we can deduce that overall recycling affords the best solution to efficient use of available energy.

Biography of George Washington, First U.S. President

Biography of George Washington, First U.S. President George Washington (February 22, 1732–December 14, 1799) was Americas first president. He served as commander-in-chief of the Colonial Army during the American Revolution, leading the Patriot forces to victory over the British. In 1787 he presided at the  Constitutional Convention, which determined the structure of the new government of the United States, and in 1789 he was elected its president. Fast Facts: George Washington Known For: Revolutionary War hero and Americas first presidentAlso Known As: The Father of His CountryBorn: February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, VirginiaParents: Augustine Washington, Mary BallDied: December 14, 1799 in Mount Vernon, VirginiaSpouse: Martha Dandridge CustisNotable Quote: To be prepared for war is one of the most effective means of preserving peace. Early Life George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia to Augustine Washington and Mary Ball. The couple had six children- George was the oldest- to go with three from Augustines first marriage. During Georges youth his father, a prosperous planter  who owned more than 10,000 acres of land, moved the family among three properties he owned in Virginia. He died when George was 11. His half-brother Lawrence stepped in as a father figure for George and the other children. Mary Washington was a protective and demanding mother, keeping George from joining the British Navy as Lawrence had wanted. Lawrence owned the Little Hunting Creek plantation- later renamed Mount Vernon- and George lived with him from the age of 16. He was schooled entirely in Colonial Virginia, mostly at home, and didnt go to college. He was good at math, which suited his chosen profession of surveying, and he also studied geography, Latin, and English classics. He learned what he really needed from backwoodsmen and the plantation foreman. In 1748 when he was 16, Washington traveled with a surveying party plotting land in Virginia’s western territory. The following year, aided by Lord Fairfax- a relative of Lawrences wife- Washington was appointed official surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia. Lawrence died of tuberculosis in 1752, leaving Washington with Mount Vernon, one of Virginias most prominent estates, among other family properties. Early Career The same year his half-brother died, Washington joined the Virginia militia. He showed signs of being a natural leader, and Virginia Lt. Gov. Robert Dinwiddie appointed Washington adjutant and made him a major. On Oct. 31, 1753, Dinwiddie sent Washington to Fort LeBoeuf, later the site of Waterford, Pennsylvania, to warn the French to leave land claimed by Britain. When the French refused, Washington had to retreat hastily. Dinwiddie sent him back with troops and Washingtons small force attacked a French post, killing 10 and taking the rest prisoner. The battle marked the start of the French and Indian War, part of the worldwide conflict known as the Seven Years War between Britain and France. Washington was given the honorary rank of colonel and fought a number of other battles, winning some and losing others, until he was made commander of all Virginia troops. He was only 23. Later, he was sent home briefly with dysentery and finally, after being turned down for a commission with the British Army, he retired from his Virginia command and returned to Mount Vernon. He was frustrated by poor support from the Colonial legislature, poorly trained recruits, and slow decision-making by his superiors. On  January 6, 1759, a month after he had left the army, Washington married  Martha Dandridge Custis, a widow with two children. They had no children together. With the land he had inherited, property his wife brought with her to the marriage, and land granted him for his military service, he was one of the wealthiest landowners in Virginia. After his retirement he managed his property, often pitching in alongside the workers. He also entered politics and was elected to Virginias House of Burgesses in 1758. Revolutionary Fever Washington opposed British actions against the Colonies such as the British Proclamation Act of 1763 and the Stamp Act of 1765, but he continued to resist moves to declare independence from Britain. In 1769, Washington introduced a resolution to the House of Burgesses calling for Virginia to boycott British goods until the Acts were repealed. He began to take a leading role in Colonial resistance against the British following of the Townshend Acts in 1767. in 1774, Washington chaired a meeting that called for convening a Continental Congress, to which he became a delegate, and for using armed resistance as a last resort.  After the battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the political dispute became an armed conflict. Commander-in-Chief On June 15, Washington was named commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. On paper, Washington and his army were no match for the mighty British forces. But although Washington had little experience in high-level military command, he had prestige, charisma, courage, intelligence, and some battlefield experience. He also represented Virginia, the largest British colony. He led his forces to retake Boston and win huge victories at Trenton and Princeton, but he suffered major defeats, including the loss of New York City. After the harrowing winter at Valley Forge in 1777, the French recognized American Independence, contributing a large French Army and a navy fleet. More American victories followed, leading to the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781. Washington formally said farewell to his troops and on December 23, 1783, he resigned his commission as commander-in-chief, returning to Mount Vernon. New Constitution After four years of living the life of a plantation owner, Washington and other leaders concluded that the Articles of Confederation that had governed the young country left too much power to the states and failed to unify the nation. In 1786, Congress approved the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to amend the Articles of Confederation. Washington was unanimously chosen as convention president. He and other leaders, such as  James Madison  and  Alexander Hamilton, concluded that instead of amendments, a new constitution was needed. Though many leading American figures, such as  Patrick Henry  and  Sam Adams, opposed the proposed constitution, calling it a power grab, the document was approved. President Washington was elected unanimously by the Electoral College in 1789 as the nations first president. ​Runner-up John Adams became vice president. In 1792 another unanimous vote by the Electoral College gave Washington a second term. In 1794, he stopped the first major challenge to federal authority, the Whiskey Rebellion, in which Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay federal tax on distilled spirits, by sending in troops to ensure compliance. Washington did not run for a third term and retired to Mount Vernon. He was again asked to be the American commander if the U.S. went to war with France over the XYZ affair, but fighting never broke out. He died on December 14, 1799, possibly from a streptococcal infection of his throat made worse when he was bled four times. Legacy Washingtons impact on American history was massive. He led the Continental Army to victory over the British. He served as the nations first president. He believed in a strong federal government, which was accomplished through the Constitutional Convention that he led. He promoted and worked on the principle of merit. He cautioned against foreign entanglements, a warning that was heeded by future presidents. He declined a third term, setting a precedent for a two-term limit that was codified in the 22nd Amendment. In foreign affairs, Washington supported neutrality, declaring in the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 that the U.S. would be impartial toward belligerent powers in a war. He reiterated his opposition to foreign entanglements in his farewell address in 1796. George Washington is considered one of the most important and influential U.S. presidents whose legacy has survived for centuries. Sources George Washington  Biography. Biography.com.George Washington: President of the United States. Encyclopedia Brittanica.